Biotechnological innovations and Patent Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3479 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Tags: Innovation Essay Did you like this example? The issue of biotechnological innovations in many respects represents a substantial challenge to law.[1] The provisions in the European Patent Convention 2000(EPC) and the Biotech Directive are lacking in managing this challenge, in light of the fact that they are vague and cant be utilized to reject indecent advancements. Opinions on patents in the field of biotechnology are divided, with support for unfettered scientific progress at one end of the spectrum and a commitment to uphold the basic values of society at the other. Where many see an important contribution to social progress, others are concerned about potential risks and ethical questions.[2] This note will critically analyse the statement by looking deep into patent laws and their interpretation by European Patent Office (EPO). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Biotechnological innovations and Patent Law" essay for you Create order First, this text will define à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Biotechnologyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and label the provisions of EPC and the Biotech Directive dealing with biotechnology. Moreover the text will discuss briefly how morality influences the patent rights that are granted to biotech inventions. Furthermore some cases showing the uncertainties and controversies (arouses out while interpreting and imposing provisions of EPC and The directive) will also be highlight, proving the provisions of EPC and bio directive are unclear and not even able to identify weather an inventions is immoral. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Biotechnologyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  means any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use.[3] According to the European Patent Convention (EPC), biotechnological inventions are inventions which concern a product consisting of or containing biological material or a process by means of which biolog ical material is produced, processed or used.[4] To be patentable, biotechnological inventions have to meet the same criteria as those in any other field of technology. Patents can only be granted for inventions that are new, involve an inventive step and are susceptible of industrial application[TM1]. A specific legal definition of novelty has developed over the years, with new meaning made available to the public[TM2]. This means, for example, that a human gene, which existed before but was hidden from the public in the sense of having no recognised existence, can be patented when it is isolated from its environment or when it is produced by means of a technical process and as long as its industrial application is disclosed in the patent application[TM3]. All other requirements of patentability must also be fulfilled[TM4]. While biotechnological inventions are in principle patentable, due to the nature of biotechnology and its ethical implications there are specific rules wh ich apply when considering the patentability of an invention in this field.[5] Articles 52 and 53 of EPC say what can and cant be patented. Biotechnological developments are essentially patentable. Nonetheless, no European patent can be allowed for any of the accompanying: Any invention whose commercial exploitation would be contrary to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ordre public or moralityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[6] Plant and animal varieties.[7] Essentially biological processes for the production of plants and animals,[8] i.e. classical breeding comprising crossing and selection. Methods for treatment of the human or animal body by surgery or therapy, and diagnostic methods practised on the human or animal body.[9] Discoveries (e.g. the mere discovery of natural substances, such as the sequence or partial sequence of a gene) are not patentable. However, if an inventor provides a description of the technical problem they are intended to solve and a technical teaching they move from being a discovery to being a patentable invention.[10] Here, Article 52 of the EPC defines patentability in the European Community.'[11] Specifically, Article52(1) states that European patents shall be granted for any inventions which are susceptible of industrial application, which are new, and which involve an inventive step.[12] Subsequent provisions of the EPC narrow the broad language of potential patentability declared in Article 52(1). First, the EPC details with some clarity matter which does not have a sufficient inventive step to be patentable. Such materials include mathematical models, aesthetic creations, and presentations of information.[13] Next, categorical exclusions from the general rule of patentability are listed under Article 53.[14] Particularly relevant to this discussion, Article 53(b) excludes plant or animal varieties and essentially biological processes from patentability.[15] However, in contrast to the foregoing explanation of matter not rising to the level of an invention under Article 52, the terms variet ies or essentially biological are not defined under Article 53 or elsewhere in the EPC.[16] While the Guidelines for Examination of Patents (Guidelines) issued by the EPO attempt to define these terms,[17] However the Guidelines are not binding on the member states.[18] Thus, a lack of uniformity in patent protection among member states is distinctly possible under the existing definitional system.[19] In addition to the ambiguities surrounding the key definitions discussed above, the Article 53 exclusions from patentability are problematic with regard to biotechnological patents for several reasons. First, as noted by the European Parliament (Parliament), the patent system, when applied to living matter, must be adapted to the problems linked to the special nature of such matter.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [20] In light of changing technology, the ECs international competitors have explicitly declared living matter and even animals to be patentable and have enacted special rules to deal wit h problems unique to patenting living matter.[21] However, under Article 53 of the EPC, only microbiological inventions[22] can be patented.[23] Some member states have responded to the inadequacies of the outdated EPC provisions in this area by enacting national laws to deal specifically with biotechnology.[24] Second, the interpretation of the plant and animal varieties exclusion may be problematic. The basis of this exclusion was that,under the International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV), another method exists besides patenting through which to obtain legal protection for plant varieties. The Convention declared that plant varieties were entitled either to a special title of protection or to a patent, but not both.[25] Unlike plants, however, animals do not have protection outside the scope of the EC patent system, under the UPOV or any other convention. Nonetheless, this exclusionary provision was invoked in the HARVARD/Onco-mouse decision by the Examining Division, which considered the Onco-mouse to be a type of animal variety.[26] The member states of the EC also have inadequate guidance on patenting biotechnological inventions because of inconsistent EPO decisions. Two prior decisions by the EPO Technical Board of Appeal indicate a proatent protection attitude[27] and seem initially to forecast fundamental change to the patent system.[28] In the Hybrid Plants/LUBRIZOL decision, the Technical Board of Appeal narrowly construed one of the stated exceptions to the general rule of patentability.[29] Also, in the CIBAIn the Article 53(b) exclusion clause and held that no general exclusion of inventions in the sphere of animate nature could be inferred from the EPC.[30] In HARVARD/Onco-mouse, however, the Examining Division initially refused to construe Article 53(b) narrowly and thus broke with the preceding opinions on the basis that there was different legislative intent behind the provision for plant and animal varieties.[31] The Appeals Board disagreed and noted that any such exception must, as repeatedly pointed out by the Boards of Appeal, be narrowly construed.[32] Because of HARVARD/Onco-mouse, the interpretation of Article 53(b) is unsettled.[33] In addition, by introducing Article 53(a) as a consideration in its patentability decision, the Examining Division thus set forth another consideration for member states to apply when determining patentability without any guidance other than the dicta from the HARVARD/Onco-mouse decision itself.This environment of inconsistent EPO case law may have a chilling effect on commercial biotechnology-a field where the economic incentive of the patent system is necessary to stimulate biotechnology research and development. This is true because biotechnology research is very expensive.[34] On the other hand, beside all these circumstances , in Europe, a debate on biotechnology patents started in the late 1980s with the aim of clarifying the dis tinction between what is patentable and what is not, and harmonising EU member states laws in this area. This led to the adoption on 6 July 1998 of EU Directive 98/44/EC on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions. The directive has been implemented by all EU member states. As early as 1999, the EPC contracting states decided to incorporate the directive as secondary legislation into the Implementing Regulations to the EPC. Together with the EPC articles on substantive patent law, these rules now provide the basis for deciding on the patentability of biotechnology applications at the EPO. The incorporation of the EU directive into the EPC strengthened the practice of the EPO in biotechnology, whilst putting greater focus on ethical considerations. [35] Though the Directive only lists four specific types of invention as being unpatentable on moral grounds ((i) processes for cloning human beings,[36](ii) processes for modifying the germ line genetic identity of human bei ngs,[37] (iii) uses of human embryos for industrial or commercial purposes,[38] (iv)processes for modifying the genetic identity of animals which are likely to cause them suffering without any substantial medical benefit to man or animal, and also animals resulting from such processes.[39])It also confirms that elements of the human body, such as genes, can be patentable when isolated from the human body.[40]The Directive basically settled a lot of the ethical debates about patentability of biotech inventions in Europe.[41] On the other hand discussing about immoral inventions it can be taken into consideration that the moral concerns currently raised in conjunction with biotechnology patents are misplaced because they stem from a lack of understanding of the patent system. A patent system is not a means of safeguarding the public interest. It is primarily a commercial and industrial tool that encourages innovation, divorced from social and moral concerns.[42] Because a patent gr ant affords a limited commercial monopoly to use only what is already in existence, the grant of a patent is not an ethical event.[43] Instead, it is the regulatory system of a given nation that monitors social concerns as it implements general legislation-concerns which frequently encompass ethics and morality.[44]Thus, a patent makes the existing research on genetic engineering open and available to the public, which, in turn, permits public monitoring of genetic engineering.[45] In the context of the FDA decision on genetically engineered foods,[46] it was noted that genetic technology is too promising, to dismiss it out of a free-floating mistrust. If the public understood the technology, they would understand that part of their emotional reaction is irrational.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [47] It is evident, then, that ethical concerns raised about the patent system reflect concerns about biotechnology itself rather than the grant of the patent for that biotechnology. Ethical issues assoc iated with patents are inappropriately channeled fears of insufficient regulation.[48] Nevertheless, the patent system has become another arena for the campaigns of the Green Party, environmental groups, and animal rights activists to try to regulate science and technology.[49] In fact, biological patents have been granted routinely since the 1800s,[50] but ethical concerns did not enter the realm of the patent system until genetic engineering blossomed. Public concern over patenting biotechnology may reflect a public reaction to the scope and sophistication of genetic engineering involved in biotechnology due to misperceptions and unfounded fearof genetic engineering. This is illustrated by a series of decisions in the Europe. In 1970, the German Supreme Court allowed a living organism to be patented in the Red Dove case.[51] That case preceded the development of genetic engineering and was not followed by any significant public controversy. [52]However, following the advent o f genetic engineering the 1980 United States Supreme Court holding in Chakrabarty, which paralleled the Red Dove decision in principle by holding genetically engineered bacteria to be patentable, was followed by a public debate over the morality of patenting living matter.[53] Then, in 1987 the United States Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences determined in Ex Parte Allen that higher life forms, such as oysters, were patentable.[54] That decision triggered significantly more controversy [55]than a typical Board decision.[56] Finally, the 1987 PTO decision to allow genetically engineered animals such as the Onco-mouse to be patented stimulated tremendous controversy.[57] This litany indicates that debate over patenting biotechnology has sharpened with the sophistication and use of biotechnology despite the fact that the underlying scientific principles and patent procedures remain the same. There is a distinct paucity of case law that discusses ethical issues as a preclus ion to patentability. This is the case even in the EPO decisions despite the existence of Article 53(a), which explicitly allows a consideration of ethics for patentability. The EPO Guidelines indicate that Article 53(a) is to be invoked only in rare and extreme cases[58] and is aimed at preventing extreme situations such as riots and criminal behavior[59]The lack of discussion prior to HARVARD/Onco-mouse may indicate that ethics were generally not considered in patenting decisions. In fact, the Examining Division initially stated in HARVARD/Onco-mouse that it does not consider patent law an appropriate legislative tool and therefore declined to rule under Article 53(a).[60] To a limited extent, the EPO Guidelines on Article 53(a) and the cases are illuminating on the role ethics should play in the area of patentability. Ethics have been considered regarding the usefulness requirement that all patentable inventions must meet in both the EC and the United States. The issue is whether ethical issues render an invention useless according to statutory requirements for patentability.[61] In the United States, courts historically have been reluctant to deny patents based solely on ethical concerns[62] and consider an invention patentable so long as it has some moral use.[63] The drafters of the EPO Guidelines seem to concur in this result. The Guidelines state that a patent may be granted if an invention has both an offensive and non-offensive use.[64] The Guidelines set forth as an example a process for breaking open safes; that is a process that may be offensive if used by burglars, but which is potentially non-offensive and very useful if used by a locksmith in an emergency. [65] Imposing barriers to biotechnological patents will not prevent the advance of genetic engineering or address the ethical issues raised by scientific advancement. These issues will persist regardless of whether patents are granted.[66] Furthermore, even if the EC ignores the field of bi otechnology, its international competitors will not.[67] As the United States Supreme Court stated, The grant or denial of patents on micro-organisms is not likely to put an end to genetic research however whether claims are patentable may determine whether research efforts are accelerated by the hope of reward or slowed by want of incentives.[68] In Germany a special Commission of Inquiry on the Opportunities and Risks of Genetic Technology echoed these insights and stated that the types of criticism of genetic engineering are often simultaneously or primarily criticisms of over-arching strategies which have developed independently of genetic engineering involving basic problems of industrialization. [69] The Directive enacted by the EC because it recognizes the potential ethical concerns and the reality of scientific progress.[70] The international competitors of the EC are capitalizing on biotechnology and encouraging scientific innovation by allowing biotechnological patents t o issue under systems more lenient than the EPC. The Directive begins to address the EC gap in protection for biotechnological inventions, which are crucial to the commercial and international competitiveness of the EC, by mandating uniform legal protection. Although the scope of protection for biotechnological inventions under the EPC and the directive is limited, passage of the Directive was still a necessary step to take in narrowing the gap between the EC and its international competitors. Whether the Directive will achieve its goals remains to be seen. However, the history of the European Onco-mouse has shown that the current outlook for biotechnological innovations will remain bleak if no action is taken.The Onco-mouse currently stands alone in an area of inadequate and murky protection for biotechnology innovations. Without immediate action on the part of the Commission and member states, the EC will stand alone in its ethical debate as other nations simultaneously commerci alize biotechnology and manage ethical concerns associated with biotechnological inventions. [1] Roberto Bin, Sara Lorenzon, Nicola Lucchi, Biotech Innovations and Fundamental Rights (1st, Springer Science Business Media, 2012) 3 [2] European Patent office, Patent on Biotechnology (epo.org 2013) https://www.epo.org/news-issues/issues/biotechnology.html accessed 29 January 2015 [3] Convention on biological diversity 1992 Art. 2 [4] European Patent Convention 2000 Art. 26 (2) [5] European Patent office, Patent on Biotechnology (epo.org 2013) https://www.epo.org/news-issues/issues/biotechnology.html accessed 29 January 2015 [6] European Patent Convention 2000 Art. 53(a) [7] Ibid. Art. 53 (b) [8] Ibid. [9] European Patent Convention 2000 Art. 53 (c) [10] Ibid. Art. 52 (2) (a) [11] Ibid. Art. 52 [12] Ibid. Art. 52 (1) [13] Ibid. Art. 52 (2) [14] Ibid. Art. 53 [15] Ibid. Art. 53(b) [16] Kevin W. OConnor, Patenting Animals and Other Living Things [1991] S.CAL. L. REV 65, 597,617 [17] European Patent Office, IV, Guidelines for exa mination in the European Patent Office (1992).p 3,4, [18] Exxon, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Aluminia Spineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [1998] Eur. Pat. Off. Rep. p.389,391 [19] Andrew J A Parkes, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Significance of the European patent convention and the community patent conventionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , (Marry Robinson, 1999) p.51 [20] Proposal for a Council Directive on the Legal Protection of Biotechnological Inventions Approved with the Following Amendments, 1992 (C 125) 183, 183 (Amendment No. 3) [21] See infra notes 62-74, 100 and accompanying text. [22] European Patent Convention 2000 Art. 53 [23] Convention on the Unification of Certain Points of Substantive Law on Patents for Invention 1963, Art. 2(b) [24] John Hodgson, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Dutch Regulations Now in Force biotechnologyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (1990) p. 284 [25] International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants 1978, art. 2(1), [26] See infra note 77 and accompanying text. [27] LUBRIZOL /Hybrid plants [1990] Eur. Pat. Off. Rep. 173 (EPO); CIBAGEIGY/ Propagating material, [1985] C Eur. Pat. Off. Rep. 758 (EPO) [28] Fundamental changes in patent law have been previously sparked by court decisions, at least in the United States. See Exparte Allen, 2 U.S.P.Q.2d 1425 (PTO Bd. Pat. App. int. 1987) (genetically engineered oysters are potentially patentable, even though they are living matter); In re Bergy, 596 F.2d 952,972,976 (manmade, biologically pure culture of microorganism is patentable because it only occurs in an impure form in nature). These decisions foreshadowed the PTO announcement, although it was most immediately prompted by the ruling in Allen. See Donald 3. Quigg, Animals-Patentability, Statement of April 7, 1989, reprinted in ANIMAL PATENTS, supra note 9, at 159 (outlining the holding of Allen and the rationale behind it, as well as the scope of patentability under 35 U.S.C. 101). For a more detailed discussion of case law preceding and the PTO decision, see Bradford Chaucer, Note, Life, The Patent Office and Everything: Patentability foreshadowing of Lifeforms Created Through Bioengineering Techniques, 9 BRIDGEPORT L. REV. 413 (1988). [29]LUBRIZOJHybrid plants, [1990] Eur. Pat. Off. Rep. 173,177. (EPO) [30] CIBA-GEIGY/Propagating material, [1985] Eur. Pat. Off. Rep. Vol. C. 758, 759 [31] HARVARD/Onco-mouse, [1990] Eur. Pat. Off. Rep.4,7. [32] Ibid. [33] Ibid.; [34] IRA H. CARMEN, CLONING AND THE CONsTITbTON: AN INQUIRY INTO GOVERNMENTAL POLICYMAKING AND GENETIC EXPERIMENTATION 23, 26 (1985) [35] European Patent office, Patents on life? European law and practice for patenting biotechnological inventions (tomkins.com ) https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=2ved=0CCoQFjABurl=https://www.tomkins.com/uploads/what-we-do/patenting_biotechnological_inventions.pdfei=00_KVJuIJMHR7Qa59IGgDAusg=AFQjCNGgxAV_9Nyekl73ByDXVZeUXW-6Bwbvm=bv.84607526,d.ZGUcad=rja accessed 29 January 2015 [3 6] Directive 44/EC 1998, Art 2(a) [37] Ibid. Art 2 (b) [38] Ibid. Art 2 (c) [39] Ibid. Art 2 (d) [40] Ibid. Art 5 (2) [41] Suleman Ali , The ethics of biotech patenting: a dialogue about monopolies, human dignity and the cost of medicines (https://ipkitten.blogspot.co.uk/ 2015) https://ipkitten.blogspot.co.uk/2015/01/the-ethics-of-biotech-patenting.html accessed 29 January 2015 [42] Robert P. Merges, Intellectual Property in Higher Life Forms: The Patent System and Controversial Technologies, (1988) 47 MD. L. REV. 1051, 1067-68 [43] See Bent, supra note 69, at 7; Debates, supra note 50, at 18 (right of prohibition only). [44] 148. See BIOTECHNOLOGY GLOBAL, supra note 2, at 203-04; Bent, supra note 69, at 7-8; Merges, supra note 146, at 1067-68. [45] 149. Debates, supra note 50, at 18. Rapporteur Rothley stated that: [46] Gene-Altered Food Called Safe, Facts on File World News Digest, (www.lexisnexis.co.uk/ 1992,) accessed 29 January 2015 [47] Molly ONeill, Geneticists, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Latest Discovery: Public Fear of Frankenfood, N.Y. TIMESà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1992) [48] 152. See generally Cantley, supra note 112, at 14-15 [49] (1991) 59 U. Mo. Kan. City L. Rev. 409,410; (1989) 42 OKLA. L. REV. 131 [50] Alex Barnum, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Biotech Labs Enraged by Bid to Patent Human Genesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , S.F. CHRON. (1991) [51] Rote Taube (Red Dove), 1 Int. Rev. of Indus. Prop. Copyright. (IIC) 136 (1970) [52] 156. See Straus, supra note 4, at 17-18. [53] 157. See generally id at 17-18 (indicating public concern about patenting higher organisms stems from the novelty of genetic engineering and a general lack of understanding of how the patent system functions). [54] (1987) 2 U.S.P.Q.2d 1425 [55] 159. See Manspeizer, supra note 9, at 418-19; Merges, supra note 146, at 1052. [56] 160. See Merges, supra note 146, at 1052. [57] 161. See supra notes 68-70 and accompanyin g text (discussing legislative activity following the grant of the Onco-mouse patent). [58] EPO Guidelines, IV, 3.1. [59] Ibid. [60] Harvard/Onco-mouse, (1990) Eur. Pat. Off. Rep. 4, 11. [61] See Merges, supra note 146, at 1062-63 [62] (1977) 200 U.S.P.Q. 801, 802;Fuller v. Berger, 120 F. 274,275-76 (7th Cir. 1903);Lowell v. Lewis 15 F. Cas. 1018,1019 (C.C.D. Mass. 1817) [63] Klein v. Russell, 86 U.S. 433, 467 (1873) [64] EPO Guidelines, IV, 3.3 [65] Ibid. [66] 181.COOK Er. AL, supra note 2,at 120. [67] 182. See supra notes 51-59 and accompanying text. [68] Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. at 317. [69] BIOTECHNOLOGY IN FUTURE SOCIETY: SCENARIOS AND OPTIONS FOR EUROPE 117, 123 (Edward Yoxen Vittorio Di Martino eds., 1989). [70] [TM1]Add reference [TM2]Refer [TM3]ref [TM4]ref

Thinking About Diversity and Inclusion - 808 Words

Thinking about diversity and inclusion 1. What are the dimensions of cultural diversity? Identify and briefly explain the dimensions by referencing both textbooks. The dimensions of cultural diversity consist of in the diverse cultures in the world. The diversity is the different race, gender, age, ethical, language, religion, education, and more. The geographic region and the social roll are the result of the cultural diversity in the world. The diversity is variable and depends of the human’s need and it has changed through human evolution. Countries that were pioneer on a cultural growth got behind and others countries progressed in art, technology, and science over the time. The immigration also interferes in the cultural diversity.†¦show more content†¦There is a joke if somebody is late to say â€Å"that person is in Hispanic or Latino time.† Usually American or other cultural are punctual when they set a date for meeting or parties. Latinos like to be around their own people, and it is very common to visit them without be announced and usually coffee will be offered to the visitant. Many of the Hispanic who immigr ates to this country does not have the need to learn English that is a mistake if they will be staying in the United States. In their houses they speak Spanish to teach the new generation that language, which is great especially if they are leaving in states as Florida or California. 3. What is the difference between diversity and inclusion? The difference between diversity and inclusion are, diversity means the variety of people. They have different ways to think, different culture, ideology, gender, age, education, and others. In a labor environment is important to take in consideration the diversity into the workforce to obtain a higher productivity. Companies evaluate the employees’ skills to determinate in what areas inside the company they will have a better performance on their duties. It is a way to improve the relationships between employers, customers, and vendors. Inclusion means all the employees collaborate in the progress to make the company to success with their valuable input. It is important to listen somebody else ideasShow MoreRelatedThinking About Diversity and Inclusion Paper1074 Words   |  5 PagesThinking About Diversity and Inclusion Paper Marquillia Wiggins SOC/315 February 25, 2013 Dr. Dixon Thinking About Diversity and Inclusion Paper Cultural diversity, or multiculturalism, is based on the idea that cultural identities should not be discarded or ignored, but rather maintained and valued. The foundation of this belief is that every culture and race has made a substantial contribution to American history. However, many people remain opposed to the idea of multiculturalism, or culturalRead MoreDiversity, Diversity And Inclusion, And Smart Risk Taking1290 Words   |  6 Pagestwo areas of its culture: diversity and inclusion, and smart risk taking. Creative thinking and collaboration can be encouraged in diversity and inclusion, and risk taking culture. Diversity means more than skin color or gender like if we are going to hire a bunch of new people, rather it means diversity of thoughts and ideas. In order to achieve this, the managements need to modify their mission, values, and goals under a strong leadership. Diversity and inclusion are common design elementsRead MoreMicron Technology s Diversity Culture1319 Words   |  6 PagesMicron Technology’s diversity culture is great, but it only exists in Manassas, Virginia. This case study is based on Micron’s Fab 6 location and how the other Fabs can implement some of the same programs and initiatives to achieve diversity at all the Micron locations. In 1978, Micron Technology, Inc. was founded in Boise, Idaho. Micron is the global leader in the semiconductor industry with more than 30,000 team members working in twenty countries. â€Å"For more than 35 years, Micron has dedicatedRead MoreBenefits Of Diversity And Inclusion1657 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Diversity and inclusion are hot topics in today’s business world. While treating individuals fairly and equally is a social imperative, it is also extremely important to the success of a business. With the changing demographics of society and its affect on the American workforce, organizations must truly embrace diversity and inclusion. â€Å"For companies to succeed in the global marketplace, they must make the most of the full range of their people. Companies must attract and retain theRead MoreDiversity And Diversity For A Company873 Words   |  4 PagesDiversity is a key contributor in today’s workforce. Many factors effect diversity and there are guidelines a company can follow to ensure it is diverse. Diversity and inclusion can be tools to create a competitive advantage for a company and can help solve issues by looking at problems from different perspectives. It also contributes to the employees by allowing for work with many types of people. According to P hillips and Gully (2014) â€Å"Diversity awareness enables you to hire, retain and motivateRead MoreThe Diversity Programs And Development1749 Words   |  7 PagesDiversity programs and development, when managed well, can make or break business innovation and productivity. Micron is a technical organization on the forefront of diversity programming. We will explore this organization s reasoning for developing a strong program, highlight some key features and make the case that vigorous diversity efforts affect recruitment, retention, motivation and engagement. In 1978, Micron Technology, Inc. was founded in Boise, Idaho. Micron is the global leader inRead MoreDiversity and Inclusion Paper1085 Words   |  5 PagesThinking About Diversity and Inclusion Paper SOC/315 December 15, 2010 Professor Dr. Lorthridge Introduction This paper will discuss and focus on the four dimensions of diversity: ethnicity, gender, differences in skills, abilities and personality traits and how they have an impact in my workplace. To be able to go further in this paper one should understand the definition of diversity. Diversity is a variety between people associated to factors such as culture, employment status, educationRead MoreDiversity Is It Feasible For A Leader Or An Organization802 Words   |  4 PagesDiversity Diversity has been a popular term in the business environment in the recent decade and has been revered as a way to make an organization more effective and more competitive. However, diversity for the sake of diversity is not necessarily effective. Is it feasible for a leader or an organization to discover and excogitate a working formula for diversity? How do can one setup a diverse team that will perform successfully? (Phillips, Lount, Sheldon, Rink, 2016) Outsmart Your Own Biases AccordingRead MoreUnit 203 Principles of Diversity, Equality and Inclusion in Adult Social Care827 Words   |  4 PagesUnit 203 Principles of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings. 1.1) * Diversity is essentially another word for different, it recognises that people are different and unique in many ways such as, personal characteristics, background, culture, personality, race, disability, gender, religion, belief, sexual orientation and age. It means recognising and understanding individual’s differences and embracing them, to allow people feel more valued. * Equality means treatingRead MoreDiversity Is All Of Us, And About Us900 Words   |  4 PagesA writer named Jacqueline Woodson once said that; â€Å"Diversity is about all of us, and about us having to figure out how to walk through this world together.† This means that diversity is all about differences, because no two people are exactly the same. This includes, races, ethnicities, gender, religions, beliefs, favorites, opinions, style, learning style and anything else that makes someone who they are as a person. This definition of diversity coincides almost identically with inclusive ideas in

Website Evaluation for Better Business Free Essays

The question is, can you write an effective letter to a major corporation and get your point across in way that your information stands out over the multiple documents that a CEO may be receiving. Just think about what you would do if you were in a singing contest, how you could shine above all the other contestants. There are great examples online of business writings that we can access 24 hours a day. We will write a custom essay sample on Website Evaluation for Better Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now I just want to touch on the importance of good communications and how far it will take you in the business community. Most professionals are inundated with reading tons of material everyday often without knowing what the writer was trying to convey. The book talks about effective communication when writing a business letter. The fact the most readers will not read long sentences or large paragraphs, this makes it important to develop a method of writing that is informative but yet effective. The information I ‘m going to provide for you will help you in this quest. I’m going to show is how the use of this website (http://www. powa. org/) to give you an advantage over other business writers, and have a successful outcome. First, the book (Business Communication Today) gives some concrete pointers that seem to be the same emphases throughout chapter #6, meaning that the more we read it, speak it, use it, we’ll remember it. The book talks about having a clear message, breaking up long sentences, rewrite hedging sentences, clarify sentence structure and shorten overly long words. The web site explains the subject-verb/complement pattern and shows how you can expand that pattern almost indefinitely with a few simple principles such as coordination and subordination. In the website we’ll look at some more advanced sentence strategies. Again the aim is to increase your versatility as a writer, to help you see the full range of options for solving writing problems. As your flexibility increases, you’ll not only satisfy minimal standards of clarity and correctness, you’ll express yourself with new-found energy and power. While the S V/C pattern, with agent as subject, is by far the most common pattern for building English sentences, it’s by no means the only one. Nor is it best in every situation. Sometimes you may wish to turn things around in order to create a particular kind of emphasis or rhythm. Second, the chapter further goes into design elements and paragraph length and margins around the text which effects what you’re reading and gives the document overall readability. There was a list of four writing techniques that improve the readability of the message: * Varying sentence length. * Keeping paragraph short. * Using list and bullets. * Adding heading and subheading. The challenge is to keep your thought process while attempting to follow the main direction which is to get your message across while having the correct format. The writing a strong business letter will take some practice and a great deal of patience. The web site goes on to enhance the topic and seems to go deeper into developing your paragraph. Your topic sentences indicate the major support areas for your thesis, and the guide sentences show how you can develop each paragraph. Still, your paper is far from complete. While you’ve opened up your main idea to expose its parts, you have yet to get down to giving the specifics; the precise details that will help your reader feel the full weight of your thought. You must show the foundation of specific evidence that your general ideas are built upon. The following suggestions for paragraph development will help you coax forth details that will make your writing solid and substantial. Notice how often a paragraph will say, in the second or third sentence, â€Å"for instance† or â€Å"for example. † This is how writers introduce an actual incident or object to prove or illustrate the point under discussion. The example may be a brief physical description: I can still remember her imitation of a frog. Puffing out her cheeks and hopping around the room, she seemed almost amphibian as she croaked out a mating call. Sometimes a point made in your thesis sentence, a topic sentence, or a guide sentence needs elaboration and clarification. That is, the reader may pick up the general outline of what you’re saying, but a second sentence or two may be needed before the full meaning comes across. The first two sentences of this paragraph work like that. The second one explains the first, and the next two (including this one) carry the process even further. Each sentence, after looking back at the previous one to see if it tells the whole story with perfect clarity, goes on to fill in the gaps and make the meaning more precise. In the introduction paragraph I made an example to get you the reader to draw a comparison, and inspire you to think. Third, Chapter #6 helps us along by telling us that we need to proof read everything we intend to send out for others to read. As I read the books definition of proofreading I discovered eight tips for improving the message quality. Proofreading should be a little more than a quick glance, we all have made mistakes in this area, for an example; I recently wrote how our brains can figure out how to determine what is being conveyed even if the content of the text seems totally incorrect. I’d failed to proofread one of my papers but discovered the problem only after sending it to the boss to read. I’d misspelled the word â€Å"indicated† later the document went to the district manager for review. I then re-read the document and found the error and felt so unprofessional. Now the time was right for me to step up my game and proofread all documents. The eight tips are as follows; * Make multiple passes, checking for any problem * Read aloud or read backward * Double check high priority names, dates, address and financial data * Take a break for a while then start again Read the small sections * Stay focus on your work * Review complex document * Take your time It is a fact that we look at the same document over and over our brains tells us that there are no mistakes, but when we allow a second set of eyes to take a look the mistakes are found that we didn’t see, so even after proof reading sometimes it’s possible to overlook errors. The above steps are very important. The website touch on proofreading is equally important; producing a clean, error-free final draft isn’t easy. Even the most carefully edited professional publications contain occasional typos. Most readers understand this and aren’t bothered by such infrequent problems. Yet when errors occur often, they undermine the writer’s authority and disrupt communication. The following guidelines are easier for some to follow than for others, but they can, with a little work, be learned by almost anyone. Once learned, they’ll become part of your permanent knowledge base like the multiplication tables or your best friend’s phone number. You won’t have to learn them twice. Take time then, even if you’re fairly confident about your grammar, to see if you need to work on any of these six areas. If you do, try to understand the logic of the rule, what its purpose is. Six Problem Areas are; * Subject/Verb Agreement * Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement * Pronoun Reference * Shift in Tense * Shift in Person * Misrelated Modifier There are parts of the website that I believe to be very useful for me in my personal struggle to learn to write more professionally. The class has all the tools to push you to progress, however this website helps as do many other tools we use in learning to write effectively. The part of the site that impacted me the most was the grammar section which I mentioned in the above paragraph. I am very weak in this area that’s why this site was very informative for me. Although this website was very informative there were some areas that could be improved. The first page layout does not hold your attention as do other sites I’ve visited. There should be some video interactivity because as the site proclaimed, people don’t want to read huge amounts of text when the technology exist to allow some video format to occur. When I was looking for further information in reference to the first page tabs I didn. t see the tabs on the top for the page, a better way to present the tabs would be to make them larger and use a different color to attract attention. Some of the colors that are on the page should express key points, for an example; when you study and you want to remember a key point in the text you highlight it, so I think key points should be highlighted to bring attention to what the writer was trying to convey. The website definition of my earlier observation is, if writing is like making a movie, emphasis could be compared to a photographer’s zoom lens, moving in for a close-up one moment and backs for a wide-angle shot the next. Emphasis allows you to create similar special effects by magnifying, reducing, or even eliminating certain details. By controlling emphasis, you can focus your readers’ attention on what is most important. How to cite Website Evaluation for Better Business, Essay examples

In conclusion the attitudes towards women in the plays Hamlet Essay Example For Students

In conclusion the attitudes towards women in the plays Hamlet Essay When this is delivered we have to remember that women could not perform on stage in Shakespearian England. Therefore Rosalind would have been played by a male character, showing again the limitations of women. In conclusion the attitudes towards women in the plays Hamlet, Troilus and Cressida and As You Like It are that women are weak. This weakness is shown in different ways. In Hamlet and in Troilus and Cressida it is shown by women giving in to temptation and not being strong enough to withhold from it. However in As You Like It the form of weakness is shown by the need of a male presence. Due to the position of women in Shakespearian society all these plays show women as the inferior sex. They are seen as unimportant and not serious. Although As You Like It shows a gradual progression of female characters all the plays studied reflect the dominant gender values at the time. Therefore in conclusion the attitudes towards women in the plays studies are in fact mainly negative attitudes in all three of the plays. In conclusion Shakespeares play Hamlet portrays women as secondary characters which are weak and dependant on the male characters. The women dont form their own views and opinions. They are shown as obedient to the male characters. The portrayal of women in this way shows that the attitude towards them in the play Hamlet is not one of equality. Women are seen as the inferior sex. The main female character in Troilus and Cressida is the character of Cressida. She is the love interest of Troilus. There are similarities to Hamlet in the attitudes towards women. ]BIBLIOGRAPHY As You Like It, The New Cambridge Shakespeare, William Shakespeare, Edited by Phillip Edwards, Cambridge University Press 1985, 2003Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, The New Cambridge Shakespeare, William Shakespeare, Edited by Phillip Edwards, Cambridge University Press 1985, 2003, Shakespeare and The Nature of Women, Juliet Dusinberre, Macmillan Press Ltd 1975 The Bedford Companion to Shakespeare, An Introduction with Documents, Russ Mcdonald, Macmillan Press Ltd The Oxford Shakespeare, Comedies, William Shakespeare, (Troilus And Cressida), Oxford University Press Ltd 1987 Shakespeares Tragedies, G. B. Harrison, Routledge Kegan Paul Ltd 1951 Shakespeare and Society, Critical Studies in Shakespearian Drama, Terence Eagleton, Chatto Windus Ltd. 1967 New Casebooks, Hamlet, Contemporary Critical Essays, Edited by Martin Coyle. Macmillan Education Ltd 1992 http://www. sparknotes. com/shakespeare/hamlet/canalysis. html Mabillard, Amanda, Shakespeares Ophelia 2000, http://www. shakespeare-online. com/opheliachor. html 1 William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, The New Cambridge Shakespeare, Edited by Phillip Edwards, Cambridge University Press 1985, 2003, (1,3,117) 2 William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, The New Cambridge Shakespeare, Edited by Phillip Edwards, Cambridge University Press 1985, 2003, (1,3,117) 3 William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, The New Cambridge Shakespeare, Edited by Phillip Edwards, Cambridge University Press 1985, 2003, (1,3,30) 4 Juliet Dusinberre, Shakespeare and The Nature of Women, Macmillan Press Ltd 198, pg 94 5 Juliet Dusinberre, Shakespeare and The Nature of Women, Macmillan Press Ltd 198, pg 94 6 Mabillard, Amanda, Shakespeares Ophelia 2000, (28/04/06) http://www. shakespeare-online. com/opheliachor. html 7 Juliet Dusinberre, Shakespeare and The Nature of Women, Macmillan Press Ltd 198, pg 94 8 Juliet Dusinberre, Shakespeare and The Nature of Women, Macmillan Press Ltd 198, pg 93. 9 Elaine Showalter, Representing Ophelia. New Casebooks, Hamlet, Contemporary Critical Essays, Edited by Martin Coyle. Macmillan Education Ltd 1992. Pg 115 10 William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, The New Cambridge Shakespeare, Edited by Phillip Edwards, Cambridge University Press 1985, 2003, (4,7,173) 11 Elaine Showalter, Representing Ophelia. New Casebooks, Hamlet, Contemporary Critical Essays, Edited by Martin Coyle. Macmillan Education Ltd 1992. Pg 118 12David Leverenz, The Woman in Hamlet; An Interpersonal View. New Casebooks, Hamlet, Contemporary Critical Essays, Edited by Martin Coyle. .uf8e57f49fa3df6bf4289ac02fb7d7ac3 , .uf8e57f49fa3df6bf4289ac02fb7d7ac3 .postImageUrl , .uf8e57f49fa3df6bf4289ac02fb7d7ac3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf8e57f49fa3df6bf4289ac02fb7d7ac3 , .uf8e57f49fa3df6bf4289ac02fb7d7ac3:hover , .uf8e57f49fa3df6bf4289ac02fb7d7ac3:visited , .uf8e57f49fa3df6bf4289ac02fb7d7ac3:active { border:0!important; } .uf8e57f49fa3df6bf4289ac02fb7d7ac3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf8e57f49fa3df6bf4289ac02fb7d7ac3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf8e57f49fa3df6bf4289ac02fb7d7ac3:active , .uf8e57f49fa3df6bf4289ac02fb7d7ac3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf8e57f49fa3df6bf4289ac02fb7d7ac3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf8e57f49fa3df6bf4289ac02fb7d7ac3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf8e57f49fa3df6bf4289ac02fb7d7ac3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf8e57f49fa3df6bf4289ac02fb7d7ac3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf8e57f49fa3df6bf4289ac02fb7d7ac3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf8e57f49fa3df6bf4289ac02fb7d7ac3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf8e57f49fa3df6bf4289ac02fb7d7ac3 .uf8e57f49fa3df6bf4289ac02fb7d7ac3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf8e57f49fa3df6bf4289ac02fb7d7ac3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hamlet: The Theme of Having A Clear Conscience EssayMacmillan Education Ltd 1992. Pg 144 13 Mabillard, Amanda, Shakespeares Ophelia 2000, (28/04/06) http://www. shakespeare-online. com/opheliachor. html 14 William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, The New Cambridge Shakespeare, Edited by Phillip Edwards, Cambridge University Press 1985, 2003, (1,2,157) 15 Mabillard, Amanda, Shakespeares Ophelia 2000, (28/04/06) http://www. shakespeare-online. com/opheliachor. html 16 Mabillard, Amanda, Shakespeares Ophelia 2000, (28/04/06) http://www. shakespeare-online. com/opheliachor. html 17 Juliet Dusinberre, Shakespeare and The Nature of Women, Macmillan Press Ltd 198, pg 75. 18 William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, The New Cambridge Shakespeare, Edited by Phillip Edwards, Cambridge University Press 1985, 2003, (3,1,103) 19 William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, The New Cambridge Shakespeare, Edited by Phillip Edwards, Cambridge University Press 1985, 2003, (1,2,157) 20 http://www. sparknotes. com/shakespeare/hamlet/canalysis. html, (26/04/06) 21 William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, The New Cambridge Shakespeare, Edited by Phillip Edwards, Cambridge University Press 1985, 2003, (4,3,56). 22 Juliet Dusinberre, Shakespeare and The Nature of Women, Macmillan Press Ltd 198, pg 100 23 The Oxford Shakespeare, Comedies, William Shakespeare, Troilus And Cressida (3,2,191) 24 Shakespeares Tragedies, G. B. Harrison, Routledge Kegan Paul Ltd 1951, pg127 25 The Oxford Shakespeare, Comedies, William Shakespeare, Troilus And Cressida (4,6,55) 26 Juliet Dusinberre, Shakespeare and The Nature of Women, Macmillan Press Ltd 198, pg 148 27 The Oxford Shakespeare, Comedies, William Shakespeare, Troilus And Cressida (5,2,131) 28 Juliet Dusinberre, Shakespeare and The Nature of Women, Macmillan Press Ltd 198, pg 193. 29 The Oxford Shakespeare, Comedies, William Shakespeare, Troilus And Cressida (5,2,112) 30 Juliet Dusinberre, Shakespeare and The Nature of Women, Macmillan Press Ltd 198, pg 193 31 Juliet Dusinberre, Shakespeare and The Nature of Women, Macmillan Press Ltd 198, pg 193 32 Juliet Dusinberre, Shakespeare and The Nature of Women, Macmillan Press Ltd 198, pg 65 33 The Oxford Shakespeare, Comedies, William Shakespeare, Troilus And Cressida (5,2,111) 34 Russ Mcdonald, The Bedford Companion to Shakespeare, An Introduction with Documents, Macmillan Press Ltd, pg252. 35 William Shakespeare, As You Like It, The New Cambridge Shakespeare, Edited by Phillip Edwards, Cambridge University Press 1985, 2003, (1,3,97) 36 Juliet Dusinberre, Shakespeare and The Nature of Women, Macmillan Press Ltd 198, pg 113 37 Juliet Dusinberre, Shakespeare and The Nature of Women, Macmillan Press Ltd 198, pg 113 38 William Shakespeare, As You Like It, The New Cambridge Shakespeare, Edited by Phillip Edwards, Cambridge University Press 1985, 2003, (1,3,70) 39 William Shakespeare, As You Like It, The New Cambridge Shakespeare, Edited by Phillip Edwards, Cambridge University Press 1985, 2003, (1,3,77). 40 Juliet Dusinberre, Shakespeare and The Nature of Women, Macmillan Press Ltd 198, pg 114 41 Juliet Dusinberre, Shakespeare and The Nature of Women, Macmillan Press Ltd 198, pg 114 42 William Shakespeare, As You Like It, The New Cambridge Shakespeare, Edited by Phillip Edwards, Cambridge University Press 1985, 2003, (3,3,340) 43 William Shakespeare, As You Like It, The New Cambridge Shakespeare, Edited by Phillip Edwards, Cambridge University Press 1985, 2003, (3,3,302) 44 William Shakespeare, As You Like It, The New Cambridge Shakespeare, Edited by Phillip Edwards, Cambridge University Press 1985, 2003, epilogue line 1.